How to discard changes in Git

This guide will cover several methods to discard changes in Git, using various commands to handle different scenarios. We'll provide examples for each situation to help you understand how to revert your work to a desired state.

Understanding the working directory, staging area, and commits

Before diving into the commands, let's clarify the main areas of Git:

1. Working directory: The Git working directory, also known as the working area, is the space on your local filesystem where the actual files and directories of your project are stored and modified before being committed to the remote repository.
2. Staging area (index): This is where you prepare and organize changes before committing them to the remote repository. It acts as a middle ground between your local machine and the repository stored on a remote server.
3. Commits: These are records of your past code changes, which are stored in the project history.

Discarding changes using git checkout

The git checkout command is one of the most common ways to revert changes:

• Discard changes in the working directory: To revert a specific file to the last committed state, use:

  Terminal

  git checkout <file>
  
  

  Replace <file> with the name of the file you want to revert.

• Discard all changes in the working directory: If you want to discard changes from all files in the working directory:

  Terminal

  git checkout .
  
  

This will revert all of your tracked files back to the state they were in at the last commit. However, this will not affect "untracked" files, new files that have been created locally but not committed yet, or other files that are auto-generated and shouldn't be committed to the repository like build artifacts, compiled binaries, log files etc.

Using git restore (since Git 2.23)

Git 2.23 introduced a more straightforward command called git restore, designed to make it easier to work with changes:

• Discard changes to a specific file:

  Terminal

  git restore <file>
  
  

• Discard changes to all files in the working directory:

  Terminal

  git restore .
  
  

This command is versatile and can also be used to restore files from a specific branch or commit.

Removing untracked files with git clean

For files that are not tracked by Git (new files or automatically generated files that are not in your .gitignore), you can use the git clean command to clean your working directory:

• Discard untracked files:

  Terminal

  git clean -f
  
  

• Discard untracked directories:

  Terminal

  git clean -fd
  
  

This command will remove all files and directories that are not under version control, so use it with caution as these changes cannot be undone.

Both of the above commands will leave files explicitly ignored by Git (i.e. files listed in the .gitignore file) intact. To delete ignored files in addition to all of the other untracked files, you can add the -x flag:

git clean -fx

Hard reset with git reset

If you need to discard all staged and unstaged changes, you can use git reset:

• Discard all changes (staged and unstaged):

  Terminal

  git reset --hard
  
  

This command resets your working directory and staging area to match the last commit. It's a powerful command that should be used carefully, as it will permanently erase all changes. However, untracked files will be untouched by this command.

Specific scenarios

Here are a few more specific use cases and how to handle them:

• Discard changes in one file that are staged:

  If you have added changes to the staging area (with git add) and want to remove them from there, you can use:

  Terminal

  git restore --staged <file>
  
  

  If you also want to discard these changes in the working directory, after restoring the file run:

  Terminal

  git checkout <file>
  
  

For further reading see the official Git documentation.